P3D |

voyager versions

0.41.0

0.38.0

0.36.0

0.35.1

0.29.1

Creators

PJ De Vos

Date published

2025-02-05T15:52:04Z

Citation

PJ De Vos. 2025. Rembrandt's Birthplace. PURE3D. https://editions.pure3d.eu/project/6/edition/1/index.html

Rights

License: All rights reserved.
Rights holder: Erfgoed Leiden en Omstreken; Mr. The Rich
Contact: See creator

Keywords

Cityscape
Leiden
Rembrandt
Vernacular Architecture
mill

Audience

general public
students (secondary)
students (university)

Funder

Platform Digital Infrastructuur SSH (PDI-SSH)

Countries

Netherlands, Kingdom of the (NL)

Latitude/Longitude

52.15833, 4.49306

Place

Leiden

Period

Early modern

Temporal

1573 to 1637

Subjects

Archaeology
Architecture
Cultural Heritage
History

Languages

English (eng)

Sources

Computer graphic reconstruction

Provenance

This edition was created for the PURE3D project as part of a suite of pilot projects that helped to develop the PURE3D infrastructure.

Content

Scene information

scene.svx.json

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  - articles:
    (#4o51qJnCzqBT) Introduction:
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    leads:
    EN:
    Whether you're a lover of Rembrand's work or interested in Dutch 16th century life, this presentation of the house of Rembrandt will walk you through the background, architecture and daily life of Leiden in the years after the siege of Leiden by the Spanish in 1573.
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    titles:
    EN: Introduction
    uris:
    EN: articles/introduction-en.html
    (#uQWWxYruCuDt) Locating the Birthplace of Rembrandt:
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    EN:
    Nowadays the area where Rembrandt was born is far from what it must have looked like at the beginning of the seventeenth century. In preparation of the Rembrandt celebration of 2019, new research focused on how his birth house and the surroundings must have looked like.
    taglist:
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    titles:
    EN: Locating the Birthplace of Rembrandt
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    EN: articles/TheOriginalMillHouse.html
    (#gTQabtuZtIDb) Seeking protection for the Spanish:
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    EN:
    In 1573, because of the Spanish Siege, the grandparents of Rembrandt had to seek protection within the walls of Leiden. It meant abandoning their grain mill.
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    titles:
    EN: Seeking protection for the Spanish
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    EN: articles/Siege.html
    (#lJ95N9c8xi95) Erecting "the Rhine" - a post mill:
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    In the autumn of 1575, a year after the relief of Leiden, the grandmother of Rembrandt, bought a corn windmill - a post mill type - from Jan van der Does, lord of Noordwijk. It was named the Rhine after the river running nearby.
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    titles:
    EN: Erecting "the Rhine" - a post mill
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    (#OpLOV8dbPNRh) Harnessing wind power:
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    leads:
    EN:
    During the Dutch Golden Century, the Netherlands became a major economic power in Europe, in part due to their innovative use of wind power to fuel their industries.
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    titles:
    EN: Harnessing wind power
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    (#aLLDYj4evEzK) The Mill House of Claes Cornelisz.:
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    Rembrandt was born in the so-called Mill House belonging to his grandmother and his stepgrandfather Claes Cornelisz. van Berckel. Unlike one would think, the mill and the mill house were not interconnected. In fact they stood opposite eachother. The Mill was erected on the city wall, while the Mill House lay below on the street.
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    titles:
    EN: The Mill House of Claes Cornelisz.
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    EN: articles/architecture.html
    (#KzJwQnoxMSAs) Volumetric Study :
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    EN:
    After pinpointing Rembrandt's exact birthplace, the second step in the reconstruction process was to conduct a volumentric study of what was known as the Mill House.
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    titles:
    EN: Volumetric Study
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    (#zb6g2YW3Zdw6) Sixteenth Century Architecture:
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    The Mill House is a fine example of sixteenth-century vernacular architecture. It is a typical one-story brick house with a dormer that has a stepped gable. All elements in the reconstruction are carefully chosen based on well documented examples, still present in Leiden.
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    titles:
    EN: Sixteenth Century Architecture
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    EN: articles/architecturenew.html
    (#oEJh76a8sKXd) Redeveloping the Mill House:
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    More than once the property was divided and extensions were built to house various family members. This efficient use of space is part of a bigger phenomenon in Leiden around the turn of the seventeenth century.
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    EN: Redeveloping the Mill House
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    (#dPY962RvyPPt) The Rembrandt House (1589):
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    Just before Rembrandt's parents married in 1589, his father bought half of the Mill, including its tools, and also the southside of the Mill House together with the garden. This was the first step in de development of the birth house of Rembrandt.
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    titles:
    EN: The Rembrandt House (1589)
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    When Rembrandt's grandmother passed away in 1600, also the north part of the Mill House was divided among family members.
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    (#sMJGu2ViusNx) Early Modern Brickwork:
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    Leiden is the city of bricks. All the elements were present for a thriving export industry: clay as source material, turf for firing the kilns, and waterways for transportation.
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    (#mXJD7EYxju8g) Cross-window:
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    Until 1700, the use of wooden cross-windows was common in Leiden. They are still visible in several places in the city - for example at Levendaal 153, after which the model was created.
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    (#rJ0hyMQ5iOdL) Roof Construction (ca. 1600):
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    In vernacular architecture around the end of the sixteenth century, roof framings were composed of stacked trusses, with a roof pitch of 59 degrees.
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    The roofs of ordinary Leiden houses around 1600 are covered with so-called Dutch pantiles. This locally produced product has been in use since the middle of the 16th century and was extremely popular for various reasons.
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    (#2zsoQ9rW4JtF) Sleeping and storage:
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    During Rembrandt's time, it was common for people to sleap in cupboard-beds. In Leiden, typically cupboard-beds were ingeniously combined with a storage cellar underneeth.
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    (#R7GzxIrHyTJ3) Fly-through:
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    This fly-through provides a good insight on the location of the Mill House in relation to the city wall, the white gate and of course the Rhine - the post mill that was operated by his family.
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    (#MkM22IOETwJY) End of Tour:
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    (#4dIWIIbnykZw) References tour one: "The Mill House":
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    References tour two: "Sixteenth Century Architecture"
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Until 1700, the use of cross-windows was common in Leiden. The design features a center post and intermediate sill that divide the frame into four. The two upper sections are provided with leaded glass until about 1650, afterwards also with glass in wooden rods. The bottom two window openings have wooden turning shutters. Wooden cross windows are still visible in several places in the city centre and have been documented in building history research. Cross-windows can be seen nowadays in the side facade of the city carpenter’s yard (1611) on the Smidsteeg.
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For basic comfort an inglenook fireplace for heating and cooking is indispensable. An old postcard of the Weddesteeg shows a building, on the spot where Rembrandt’s house once stood, with part of a tiled fireplace visible.
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During Rembrandt's time, it was common for people to sleep in cupboard-beds, which were essentially enclosed spaces where individuals slept half-sitting up. Typically located in the darkest areas of the house, such as corners or between rooms, the cupboard-bed was often placed near the fireplace for warmth. Made primarily of wood, the design aimed to prevent the cold from penetrating the structure. The floor of the cupboard-bed was generally less than a meter above the room's floor, allowing for easy entry and exit. Furthermore, underneath the cupboard-bed was a storage cupboard that provided a dark space. By lowering the floor beneath the cupboard-bed by about a meter, a small, chilly cellar could be created to store root vegetables and other foodstuffs, serving as a precursor to modern-day refrigeration.
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The floor in ordinary people’s houses usually consists of red fired tiles. These can be simply red and unglazed, or glazed in different colours like yellow, green and black. Apart from the different styles the tiles can be laid in different patterns, like chequers, stretcher bond or diagonals. For comfort and to avoid cold feet in some cases a wooden floor is laid down, sometimes only in part of the house.
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This little house was bought in 1589 by Rembrandt’s father together with the southside of the Mill House. The bill of sale describes it as ‘a newly built little house’ (Nieut gemaeckt huysken).
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In 1600 Rembrandt’s father inherited this newly built back annex (‘’t nieuwe achterhuysgen"). The inheritance was conditional. His aunt is allowed to live here till she dies. Rembrandt probably never knew this great-aunt. By the time of his birth in 1606 the house is rented out.
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Leiden is a city of bricks. Due to the presence of iron rich clay and turf, both the ground material and the fuel required for baking were widely available. Therefore Leiden already in the fifteenth century made the transition from timber houses to brickbuild houses.
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Rembrandt was born in the so-called "Mill House". Contrary to what one might think, the house was not connected to the mill, which was erected on top of the city wall.
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By the end of the sixteenth century, the city became more and more dependent on the collection of rainwater. Because of demographic growth and intensive industrialization of the city, the canals and even groundwater became polluted. Most households collected rainwater in wooden barrels. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the first underground cisterns appeared. They became commonplace in early modern times until in the nineteenth century a tap water system was constructed, in which water was supplied from the dunes.
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An anchor plate is a wrought iron anchor that connects a wooden structure via a tie rod to a wall. In more striking houses, these anchors were designed with decorative curls or showed the year of construction. In Leiden, the anchors are usually quite simple in design.
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When Rembrandt's grandmother passed away in 1600, also the north part of the Mill house was divided. The northernmost side with the stepped gable was inherited by Rembrandt's cousins, while the middle parts was inherited by the father of Rembrandt.
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After the division of the inheritance of Rembrandt's grandmother in 1600, the northern part of the Mills house became the property of Rembrandt's cousins. Sources state that also Rembrandt's stepgrandfather - Claes Cornelisz. van Berckel - remained living here until he passed away.
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The garden proved to be key in locating the original birth house of Rembrandt. It remained unbuilt throughout the first half of the seventeenth century, which is quite remarkable since demographic pressure caused most available plots to be developed.
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Table of Models

millhouse.glb
- scene.svx.json - 1 x

Table of Articles

articles/1600.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x
articles/architecture.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x
articles/architecturenew.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x
articles/brickwork.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x
articles/crosswindow.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x
articles/end-of-tour-en.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x
articles/flytrough.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x
articles/introduction-en.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x
articles/referencesone.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x
articles/referencestwo.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x
articles/rembrandthouseone.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x
articles/roofconstruction.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x
articles/roofing.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x
articles/Siege.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x
articles/sleeping-and-storage-en.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x
articles/TheOriginalMillHouse.html
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articles/therhine.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x
articles/volumes.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x
articles/VolumetricStudy.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x
articles/windpower.html
- scene.svx.json - 1 x

Table of Media